1. iBrooding

Brooding: ukunakekela amachwane kusukela esanda kuphuma eqaandeni kuya aze akhule abe madala. Kwenziwelwa ukuthi avikeleke ekufeni kanye nokuthi athole ukufudumala.

Natural Brooding: ngokujwayelekile iskhukukazi kuye kube isona esinakekela amachwane ngokufudumala nokuthi adle amachwane.

Artificial Brooding: ukusebenzisa into ezobambela iskhundla sesikhukhukazi masekuziwa ngasekukhuliseni amachwane .

Ukuyakha kanye nokuyinakekela

• Kubalulekile ukuthi ibe u-round , njengendlu karawondi.

• Ibrooder ungakwazi ukuyakhela ngaphakathi ehhokweni lezinkukhu, amachwane olamthuthu uma mesebenamasonto amabili ungawakhipha bese kuthi lezi zamaqanda uma sezinamasonto awu-6 nawo isona skhathi sokuthi akhishwe kwiBrooder.

• Uma iBrooder ingakhandekanga yangaba uround, cela uqinisekise ukuthi izindawo ezinamakhona ziyavuleka ,khona kungazoba lula ukuthi amachwane apitshizane.

• Amakhona acijile abanga ukuthi ichwane elicindezelwa amanye ,lingakwazi ukunyakaza libaleke.

• Into ezoletha ukufudumala kwiBrooder kumele ibe sesenta/ phakathi nendawo , eskhathini esningi kusentshenziswa ama infra-red light.

• Beka izitsha zamachwane zokuphuza kanye nezokuphuza ngaphakathi. Futhi kumele zingabi ngandawonye, kumele ziqhelelane khona kungazoba khona ukuphazamise emachwaneni afuna ukuphuza kanye nadlayo.

• Sebenzisa amakhathoni noma amakhalibhothi for iphansi lapho ekuzohlala khona amachwane , ungawusebenzisi usodasi noma amagxolo amancane atholakala ezindaweni ezisebenza ngeplangwe.

• Isifudumezo or into eletha ukufudumala kumele ihlezi isendaweni ephakathi nendawo kwiBrooder.

• Esodasi wamaplangwe awudingeki ngenxa yokuthi amachwane aba nokudideka agcine esedlwa nawo,ezitshela ukuth asadla ukudla kanti cha.

• Ukufudumala kubalulekile , kumele ibrooder ifudumale ngaphambi kokuthi ulethe amachwane. Kumele wifudumeze ngaphambi kokuthi kufike amachwane, ungalindi ukuthi uyoze wifudumeze mesekufike amachwane.

Umthelela wokufudumala emachwaneni

• Indlela amachwane anyakaza ngakhona iyona into ezokutshela ukuthi ingabe isifudumezi sakho sifudumeza ngokwanele noma cha.

• Less heat: chicks are clustered below the source of heat.

• Uma kushisa kancane ; amachwane aqoqelana ndawonye eduzane kwento efudumezayo

• Uma kushisa kakhulu ; amachwane ayasaphazeka abalekele kude nesifudumezi angasondeli

• Ukushisa okukahle; amachwane ahlala ngokuhleleka azinyakazele kahle ,awabalekeli kude futhi aqoqelani ndawonye eduze kwesifudumezi.

Umthelela wokukhanya emachwaneni

• Kumele iBrooder ikhanye ngokuzotha, ingakhanyi ngokucazimula or okuhlabayo, kumele kukhanye ubusuku nemini.

• Ukukhanya okugqame kakhulu , kubanga isithunzi, ekweyenye yezinto ezingalungile uma ibonwa ichwane kwelinye, ngoba ingagcina ibangela ukuthi amachwane angcofane ewodwa.

• Ukukhanya okuncane kakhulu kungabangela amachwane agcine esebalekela la kunokukhanya khona okunconywana ambondelane khona ,lokho kubangele ukupitshizana.

Umthelela womoya emachwaneni

• Umoya omningi ongena ngaphakathi kwiBrooder wenza amachwane abalekele endaweni eyodwa acindezelane khona. Noma ngabe kthiwa ifudumele and ikhanya kahle iBrooder kodwa umoya unomthelela omkhulu. Ingakho kumelel uqikelele indaba yomoya.

• Another reason why we need pvc curtains inside the house where we’ve built the brooder in.

• Ingakho kubalulekile kmele kube makhathenisi endlini yala la esizokwakhela khona iBrooder. Ungadideki, indlu kumele ivuleke ishaye umoya for ifresh air kodwa umasekuqala ukushaya umoya omkhulu , kmele ikwazi ukuvaleka ,ingakho amakhethenisi kaseyili ebalulekile.

Ukuhlanzeka

• Emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokuthi kufike amachwane , kumele uhlanze indawo la ozokwakha khona iBrooder, uwashe nezitsha zamanzi kanye nezokudla, uphinde ufuthe nangesibulala magciwane.

2. Indlu yezinkukhu

Ukwakha

• Indlu ingaphambili kanye nengemuva akumele ibhele la kuphuma ngakhona ilanga or lalishona ngakhona ilanga, lokho senzela ukuthi ilanga lingangeni ngaphakathi endlini kuseni nasemini nantambama.

• Izindonga zendlu kumele zikhuphuke zingafiki phezulu njengendlu ejwayelelekile ,kunobude bodonga ekumele kube ikona, kumele ushiye iskhala somoya ngaphezulu.

• Izindonga zangaphansi kumele zakhele ngendlela yokuthi umoya ungangeni, mese enye ingxenye engaphezulu yakhiwe into ezokwazi ukungenisa umoya kodwa ivikele izilwane zingangeni njengo cingo fenisi.

• Indonga zangezansi zingakhiwa ngamatshe, uthayela,amaplangwe noma amablocks bese kuthi lendawo engaphezulu ungayakha ngocingo or fenisi wezinkukhu.

• Isikalo sobude bodonga langezansi muliqhathanisa nolangasenhla oluvulekekile, ubude bodonga langasenhla lolu olunocingo kumele ubude ubuphinde kabili kulolu langezansi. Uma udonga langezansi melu 1m okusho ukuthi lendawo engasenhla onocingo kumele ibe lako 2m.

• Iphansi lendlu kumele ulikhonke ngosimende, khona lizoclineka kahle.

• Iphansi lendlu kumele ulifake usodasi noma wood shaving ozoba ugqinsi owu 10cm, notshani wokufulela izindlu phezulu nawo ungawusebenzisa .

• Kumele ngaso sonke iskhathi iphansi kmele uhlezi komile.kungabi manzi ukuze izifo zingazosondela.

• Sebenzisa thermometer ukuze uzokwazi ukugada ukushisa kwendlu ngaphakathi

• Enyango kubele kube ne footbath , ifootbath indawo enamanzi la ozocwilisa khona izicathulo ngaphambi kokuthi ungene ngaphakathi , lamanzi anezibulala magciwane .

• Indlu kumele iqhelelane nezinye izindlu khona ingazotheleleka kalula kumagciwane

• Iroof kumele idlule udonda ngo 50 cm.

• Indlu ungayisondezi engadini yezitshalo , uma ikhona kumele uyiqhelelanise nayo, ukuze izilwane zasengadini zingazosondela kalula endlini yezinkukhu.

• The feed should be separated from the house to avoid the risk of attracting rodents.

• Ukudla kwezinkukhu kumele kungahlali la ekulala khona izinkukhu, noma ngabe kuthiwa ukuvalele ngezitsha.

• Indlu kumele uyibiyele ukuze uvike izilwane zasendle kanye nabantu

• Umnyango kumele uhlezi uvaliwe

• Uma uzogcina inhlobo ezihlukene zenkukhu , ngabe zihluke ngokukhula or zihluke ngohloba, izindlu zazo ungazisondelanisi, kumele ziqhelelane noma 5 kuya ku 10 metres. Ungenzi izindonga njengamakamerom akha izindlu ziqhelelane.

Amakhethenisi

Indlu kumele ibe namathetheninsi azovala lendawo engaphezulu m le enezimbobo zomoya. Lamakhethenisi kuvamise ukuba useyili.

• Amakhethenisi lawa avuleka ngokwehla nokunyuka,noma uvala .

• To prevent the rain to come inside the house which may result in causing wetness in the bedding that will lead to diseases

• Asiza ngokuvimba imvula ingangeni ngaphakathi ,khona kungazoba manzi.

• Abuye asize ngokuthi ukwazi ukulawula ukushisha nokubanda kwangaphakathi endlini

• Aphinde asize nakumoya musuqala ukuba mkhulu, uyakwazi ukuvala.

iVentilation

Ukungena nokuphuma komoya endlini, indlu ingacinani ngomoya owodwa wangaphakathi, isiza ezindaweni ezinjengalezi;

• Removing excess heat and moisture.

• Isisa ukushisa kanye nomswakama.

• kungena umoya ohlanzekile kube kuphuma longaphakathi ungcolile.

• Inciphisa idasti ngaphakathi ibe ifaka umoya ohlanzekile.

BioSecurity

Ukunakekela nokugcina indawo ingangenwa amagciwane angena ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kunezindlela ezingangeninsa izifo namagciwane njengalezi;

• Ukuletha izinkukhu eziqhamuka kwelinye iplazi.

• Visitors, suppliers, vets, farmers clothing, shoes and vehicles.

• Abavakashi abaqhamuka ngaphandle, izimpahla zokugqoka kanye nezimoto.

• Poor disposal of dead birds’ carcasses, feathers and litter.

• Ukulahla budedengu kwezinye izinkuknu ezifile , ukugcola kwendawo

• Ukugcola kwamanzi okuphuza, okungadalwa ukungagezwa kahle kwezitsha .

• Amagundwane kanye nezinyoni ziyaziletha izifo , lezilwane zifika ngokuzotshontsha ukudla kwezinkukhu, bese ziyashiya izifo.

• Keeping pets on a commercial farm.

• Izilwane esizifuya emakhaya ziyazifaka izifo.

ekuqikeleleni kokuvikela izifo kunezinto ekumele uzazi and uzenze;

ukuqhelelanisa

lokhu kusiza ukuqhelelanisa izinkukhu ozifuyile nezinto eziseceleni ezingaletha izifo namagciwane. Lokhu kungasizwa ukwenziwa kwalokhu;

• Ukubiya ngocingo enye yezinto engakusiza ukugwema kokungena kwabantu abaphuma ngaphandle.

• Izinkukhu zohlobo oluhlukene kungaba okweminyaka noma okohlobo , qikelela ukuthi azihlali ndawonye.

• Uma kukhona izinkukhu ozozifaka eziqhamuka ngaphandle,qikelela ukuthi unendawo lapho ozozihlalisa khona zodwa, ungazihlanganisi nezikhona.

• Izinkukhu ezintsha ngaphambi kokuba zihlanganiswe nezikhona ,kufanele uqale uzivalele zodwa amasonto amabili kuya kwamane, ngaphambi kokuthi uzihlanganise nezikhona, uzibheke ukuthi ikhona yini into oyisolayo ngazo. Ngaphambi kokuthi uzihlanganise nezinye ,qala uzigome .

• Clina indawo eseduzane nehhoko, ikhanye ivuleleke khona kungazoba khona izilwane ezizocasha.

• Uma kukhona ezigulayo , zisuse uzibeke ndawonye ezigulayo, uma kukhona ezifile sisuse.

Lawula ukuphithizela kwabantu

abantu banomthelela omkhulu ngasekubhebhethekiseni izifo ezinkukwini, izifo zingangena ngento ayigqokile, izicathulo, izandla, amathuluzi okusebenza kanye nezimoto . Kumele uqikelele ukuthi yonke into engena eplazini lakho uyayigada.

ukuhlanza indawo

indlu yezinkukhu kumele ngaso sonke isikhathi ihlezi ihlanzekile,ukuze ugweme izifo. Nephansi lendlu kumele lihlezi lomile , nazi ezinye izinto ekumele uzenze ngaphambi kokuthi ungene endlini enezinkukhu;

• Wonke umuntu kumele ageze izandla ngesibulala magciwane.

• Ungahambi ngezinyawo ehhokweni , gqoka amabhuzi noma izicathulo ezivalelekile.

• Kumele kube khona ifootbath kumnyango yonke endlini zenkukhu.wonke umuntu ongena ngaphakathi kumele acwilise izinyawo khona ngaphambi kokungena .

3. Ukukhuliswa kwezinkukhu zamaqanda

Izindlela zokufuya.

• Zihlala kumakheshi (Cage system).

• Zihlala ehhokweni (Deep litter system).

• Ziyavulelwa zihambe egcekeni (Free-Range).

Ukunakekela amachwane kwiBrooder (0-8 weeks)

• Ngaphambi kokuthi afike amachwane ,qinisekisa ukuthi indawo azohlala kuyona ifudumele

• Mesefikile amachwane kumele uwanike ngokuwaphuzisa istress pack

• Ugesi ungawucishi ngisho nasebusuku , kumele ihlezi ikhanya iBrooder.

• Amachwane kumele abe nombhalo oluhlaza emakhanda ,lokho kunguluphawu olukhombisa ukuthi agonyiwe layesuka khona

• Njalo ngosuku ushintsha izintsha zamanzi nezokudlela .

• Amanzi kumele ezhlezi ekhona

• Amanzi emvula noma awesphethu iwona abalulekile kakhulu.

• Ukudla ungakugcwalisi kakhulu ezitsheni.

• nnjalo ngosuku bheka ukuthi ikhona yini into engajwayelekile emachwaneni.

• Ibrooder kumele ishisa ngo 35 Degrees Celsius , njalo ekupheleni kwesonto kumele izinga lokushisa lehle ngo 2 Degrees Celsius , kuze kushaya lelisonto lapho sewehlisa waze wafika ku 25 Degrees Celsius, khumbula ngithe usebenzisa thermometer ukukala ukushisa.

• ubude bezitsha zokudla ku,ele zihambisane nobude bokukhula kwamachwane.

Ukunakekela amachwane asekhulile (9-20 weeks)

• Lamachwane asefanelwe ukukhishwa kwibrooder angeniswe ehhokweni.

• Izitsha zokuphuza nokudla kumele ziphakamiswe zilingane nomqala wechwane.

• Manje usuzipha i grower mash ukudla.

• Qhubeka uzigome ngohlelo olufanele

• Qaphela indlela ezidla ngayo kanye nesisindo somzimba ,kumele uziqhathanise

• Isikhathi sokukhanya ususinciphisa kuya ku 12 hours osukwini

ukunakekela lezi esezizobeka amaqanda (21-72 weeks)

• Kumele indlu iphole , futhi ibe nomoya okahle ongenayo opholisayo.

• Manje usuzipha iLayer mash ukudla.

• uma kukuthi azihlali kumakheshi, sekwiskhathi sokuthi ukhande indawo yokuzalela amaqanda

• Njengoba ukukkhanya bekukade sekuku 12 hours osukwini, manje usuyakhuphuka uya ku 16 hours.

4. Iqanda

Size.

• Uhlobo lenkukhu ozigcinayo linomthelelo ku size wamaqanda.

• Nohlobo lokudla lunomthelelo, nanokuthi zidla kanjani nokuthi zidla kangakanani.

Iskhuphasha (Yolk)

• Umbala wesikhuphasha uyasiza ekutheni ubone ukuthi ukudla kunomsoco ongakanani.

• Ukugqama kombala weskhuphasha lokho kukhombisa ukuthi ukudla kunomsoco .

• Uma ubona okusagazana kwiskhuphasha okunye kwezinto ezikhombisa ukuthi inkukhu yakho isindala kakhulu.

Igobolondo (Shell)

• ukuqina kwegobondo lokho kusho ukuthi ukudla kunomsoco.

5. Ukukhuliswa kwezinkukhu zenyama (olamthuthu)

• Bheka lendawo yezinkhukhu zamaqanda ka 0-8 weeks , kodwa lezi ezenyama kuzoba amasonto amabili 0-2 weeks.

• Ezenyama ungazivaleli kumakheshi , zikhandele ihhoko ulifake usodasi.

• ziphe istarter feed for amasonto amabili (2 weeks)

• Bese uyazigoma ngedlela efanelekile eqondene nazo

• ziphe igrower feed kusukela esontweni lesthathu kuya kwelesine (2 weeks)

• Kusukela esontweni lesihlanu kuya phambili usungazipha ifinisher .

• At 6^th week you’re expected to make your first sale.

• Esontweni lesithupha ilapho osungaqala khona ukuzidayisa.

• Ukukhuluphala kwazo kuhambisana nokudla ozipha kona kanti nokuthi uzipha kangakanani .

6. Uhlelo lomgomo wezinkukhu zamaqanda

la othenga khona ukudla uyakwazi ukucela uhlelo lomgomo.

• Day 1 : zisuke sezivele zigonyiwe la ozithenge khona, sekumele uziphe istress-pack

• Day 7 : Lasota vaccine /(7 days vaccine)

• Day 14 : Gumboro vaccine /(14 days vaccine)

• Day 21 : Newcastle vaccine

• Day 28 : Gumboro vaccine

Poultry Health and disease management

izimpawu zenkukhu enempilo

• iyadla iphinde iphuze namanzi kahle

• amehlo ahlezi egqamile kahle and inogedle (comb) oluhle

• isitibhili sayo sithambe ngokuqinile kahle , esinye sizothi ukuba udakana,

• iphefumula kahle.

• iyazihambela ayikhombisi ukubhocobala and iphinde ifekuze kahle ,

izimpawu zenkukhu engenampilo

• ayidli kakhulu iphinde ingaphuzi kakhulu amanzi

• kwezamaqanda zizalela izikhawu or kancaene noma zivele ziyeke ukuwabeka.

• isitibhili siba nokusagazana noma iba nomuhudo or izikelemu.

• Iphefumula ngokuhohoza , iyathimula ngokunganqamuki.

• ayihambi kakhulu noma ivele ihlale phansi ingafuni ukuhamba.

7. Izinhlobo zezifo

Newcastle Disease

• Asilapheli mesesizibambile, indlela yokuzivikela ukuzigoma isifo singakaqali.

• Iphefumula kanzima, ibasetibhili esilihlazana noma okusagazana umhudo.

• Azidli kakhulu

Avian Influenza (AI)

• Asilapheli mesesizibambile, indlela yokugwema ukuthi indawo ezihlala kuyona kumele ihlanzeke. Qinisekisa yonke into ihlanzekile namanzi eziwaphuzayo nawo ahlanzekile.

• Lesi asikwazi ukulaphela ngisho nomgomo uyahluleka ukusivika.

• Lesifo nabantu singabangena , ikakhulukazi uma udle inkukhu enaso.

• Xhumana nodokotela wezilwane uma kukhona okusolayo .

Fowl pox .

• Sisabalalele indawo eziningi ikakhulukazi lezindawo ezinokufudumala .

• Ayidli kakhulu and nogedle (comb) luba namaqhuqhuva namehlo aba nezilonda

• Asilapheli mesesizibambile , indlela yokuzivikela ukuzigoma isifo singakaqali.

Fowl Typhoid

• Ayithandi ukudla iphinde ihude umhude okuhlaza and kokunye uzobona sezifa .

• Asilapheli mesesizibambile, indlela yokuzivikela ukuzigoma isifo singakaqali.

Coccidiosis (internal parasites)

• ayithandisisi ukudla iphinde ibasetibhili esumhudo okusagazana.

• Usilapha ngokusipha umuthi i-anticoccidiastat- antibiotics uyifaka ekudleni noma emanzini.

• indlela yokugwema ukuthi indawo ezihlala kuyona kumele ihlanzeke. Qinisekisa yonke into ihlanzekile namanzi eziwaphuzayo nawo ahlanzekile.

• Nokufaka izinkukhu eziningi endaweni eyodwa nakho lokho kusibhebhethekisa kalula lesifo.

• Nendawo emanzi or enodaka ezihlala kuyo iyasidala kakhulu lesifo

Gumboro (Infectious Bursal Disease, IBD)

• Isifo esijwayelekile esisabalele

• inkukhu iyahuda ngokungapheli

• Sitholakala kakhulu emachwaneni aneminyaka egaphansi kwa 6 weeks

• Not common in small-scale village based systems.

• Asijwayelekile kwabafuye inani elincane lenkukhu

• Asilapheli mesesizibambile , indlela yokuzivikela ukuzigoma isifo singakaqali.

Infectious coryza

• iba namafinyila bese ivuvukala nasemehlweni

• lehle nezinga lokubeka amaqanda

• Usilapha ngokufaka i-antibiotics emanzini eziwaphuzayo

Chronic respiratory disease (Mycoplasmosis)

• iba namafinyila bese ivuvukala nasemehlweni

• lehle nezinga lokubeka amaqanda

• Usilapha ngokufaka i-antibiotics emanzini eziwaphuzayo

• Zivele zife

Roundworms and tapeworms (Internal parasites)

• iyehla emzimbeni

• lehle nezinga lokubeka kwamaqanda

• ihude uhudo olunegazi

• Drop in egg production 

• Usilapha ngokufaka i-antibiotics emanzini eziwaphuzayo kanye noma kabili ngonyaka

External Parasites

• Attacks all ages any time, but occurs more frequently in humid chicken houses with bad hygiene.

• Signs- Adult birds are clearly disturbed and spend a lot of time pecking and polishing feathers. weight loss and possibly loss of feathers.

• Spray or dust with pesticides, ashes and oil. Ashes and sulphur powder may be used where the hens do dust bathing.

• Nests may be protected by putting a few tobacco leaves mixed with ashes in the nests.

Nutritional diseases

• Ziyakhubazeka ngokwamathambo ziphinde zikhumuke izmpaphe

• iyaxhuga mayihamba noma igobe umlenze

8. Imigomo/ Ukulashwa kwezifo

• Kubalulekile ukuthi ziqale ukugonywa zisencane zingakaqali ukubeka amaqanda

• ungayigomi inkukhu esigula , kuncono uyilaphe ngoba isiyagula vele.

• Ungawasebenzisi amanzi eziwaphuzayo uma ufuna ukuzigoma, ncoma uzenzela eceleni amanzi omgomo khona uzokwazi ukukala isikalo esifunekayo.

• Uma uzohluleka ukufunda isikalo esibhaliwe ebhodleleni , kuncono ukhulume nodokotela wezilwane akusize ngesikali.

• Yonke imgomo ihlala efrijini , ungayibeki endaweni efudumele nenelanga.

• Amathuluzi owasebenzisa mawugoma kumele uwageze ngamanzi ashisayo njalo, ungawasebenzisi ama chemical .

Izindlela zokuthatha imgomo.

• Kubalulekile ukuthi izinkukhu uzigome ngaseskhathi kusapholile nokubanda kancane , njegasekuseni noma ntambama

• Umgomo kumele uwusebenzise emva kwa 60 minute or hour emva kokuwuhlanganisa

• xhumana nodokotela wezilwane uma kukhona la ongaboni khona kahle.